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Urology involves surgical and non-surgical specialist care of urological disorders, which are conditions affecting the genitourinary system, including the urinary tract, kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters and the male reproductive system. It builds on knowledge of internal medicine, and studies urology specific anatomy, pathology and physiology, including embryology, development and histology; cardiovascular, endocrine, and gastro physiology; wound healing, medical physics, metabolism, nutrition, neurophysiology, and respiratory medicine. Urology involves clinical assessment and diagnoses, including physical examination, urine analysis, blood testing, radiologic/ultrasound/MRI imaging and other urodynamic studies. It deals with differential diagnoses and comorbidities, collaborating and referring to other medical specialties when needed. Patient management involves acute and elective surgeries, education, therapeutic management, pharmacology, pre, peri and post operative care, and a multi-disciplinary team approach involving anaesthetists and specialist nursing staff. Surgical management involves a range of surgical procedures and techniques, including laparotomy, laparoscopy, nephrectomy, kidney transplant, kidney stone removal, catheter insertion, incisions, urological oncology, reconstructive surgery, and endoscopic procedures. It incorporates modern technologies, such as robotic and laser assisted surgical interventions. These surgical procedures seek to improve function and health and prevent further damage from urological conditions. Urology medical services are provided in emergency, outpatient and elective surgery settings.

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Urologists assess, diagnose and treat a range of urological disorders, such as cancers, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, incontinence, trauma, prostatitis, erectile dysfunction, pelvic disorders, PUJ obstruction and other conditions affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra and male reproductive system. They undertake urological examinations, which involve patient histories, physical examinations, urine and blood tests, or medical imaging. This helps to determine function and health and guide diagnoses and patient management. Urologists create management plans, which may involve pharmacology, education and surgeries. They create peri- and post-operative management plans in conjunction with anaesthetic colleagues and in consultation with other medical specialists. They perform a range of surgeries, including open and minimally invasive/endoscopic procedures, reconstructive urology, and urological oncology, which help to reduce disease and improve health, function, and quality of life. To pursue a career as a Urologist, doctors complete foundation and core surgical training, followed by phase 2 and 3 Urology training, which takes approximately 5 years to complete and leads to a CCT, MRCS, and specialty registration with the GMC. Urologists study generic urology in phase 2 and can study a special interest area in phase 3, such as Endo-urology; Andrology and Infertility; Female, Functional and Reconstructive Urology; Advanced General Urology and management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; and Urological Oncology Surgery.

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Registrars (Urology) are registered doctors who have completed their medical degree, foundation and core training. They can apply for specialty registrar positions, or positions at ST3+ level, and broaden and refine their scope of practice and gain experience, skills and competency in their chosen area of medicine. Registrars are very important members of the integrated and multi-disciplinary health care team. They have increasing responsibility for patient care, oversee and support junior doctors and staff, participate in professional development activities and continue to receive important guidance, training, and support from senior staff. Registrars who are undertaking posts in Urology work under Urologists and develop procedural skills, surgical techniques, and clinical expertise in Urgology.

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